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19-History-Modern India-
1947-
India has a continuous civilization since 2500 BC. During the
2nd millennium, Aryan speaking tribes migrated from northwest into
the Indian subcontinent. The following material has been taken from
"A New History of India", by Stanley Wolpert. 2004.
Modern India
When India became independent on August 15, 1947, it faced three immediate
crises -
(1) Partition left it with a bitter struggle between Hindu, Muslims and Sikhs.
13 million people migrated between the countries, and perhaps one million
were killed during this process.
(2) Almost immediate it plunged into war with Paakistaan over Kaashmeer;
--Kashmeer war is still going on to date (2012)
(3) It had the task of developing a constitution.
--Its constitution was developed by Ambedkar and is still in use to date (2012)
Independence of India and the Birth of Paakistaan
India got independence on August 15, 1947 at 00.00.01 at New Delhi.
[Add one second to avoid confusion]
Paakistaan came in existence on August 14, 1947 at 00.00.01 at Karachi (24N52, 67E03).
Time Zone is + 5.30 hrs because IST was operating on both places.
From Oct 1, 1951 Paakistaan time is less by 30 minutes from IST ie its time
zone has became now + 05.00 hrs.
Though Paakistaan came in existence on Aug 14 but technically it separated
from the state of India on August 15, ie after 24 hours of its existence,
when India had become the new state on Aug 15 at oo.oo hours.
Mr Jinnah took oath of office on August 14, 1947 at 09.20 hrs at Karachi,
indicating change and getting a separate head of state and Government,
whereas in India every thing happened simultaneously
India After Independence - 1947-
(1) 15 August 1947, India got her independence and became a dominion of
Commonwealth. Enmity between Hindu and Muslims led the British to
partition British India creating East and West Pakistan from it. India
became Republic within the Commonwealth after promulgating its constitution
on 26 January 1950.
India's Presidents
(1) Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884-1953) - Worked from Jan 26, 1950 - May 13, 1962.
Was awarded Bharat Ratna
(2) Dr Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) - Worked from - May 13, 1962 - May
13, 1967. Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1954' Peace Prize of German Book
Trade in 1961.
(3) Dr Zakir Hussain (1897-1969) - Worked from May 13, 1967 - May 3, 1969 (died
in the office). Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1963.
(4) Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894-1980) - Worked from May 3, 1969 - Aug 24, 1969
------------------------------------------- Worked from Aug 24, 1969
- Aug 24, 1974. Awarded Bharat Ratna in 1975.
(5) Dr Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905-1977) - Worked from Aug 24, 1974 - Feb 11, 1977.
(died in the office).
(6) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913-1996) - Worked from Jul 25, 1977 - Jul 25, 1982.
(7) Giani Zail Singh (1916-1994) - Worked from Jul 25, 1982 - Jul 25, 1987.
(8) R Venkataraman (1910-2009) - Worked from Jul 25, 1987 - Jul 25, 1992.
(9) Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918-1999) - Worked from Jul 25, 1992 - Jul 25, 1997.
(10) KR Narayanan (1920-2005) - Worked from Jul 25, 1997 - Jul 25, 2002)
(11) Dr APJ Abdul Kalam (Oct 15, 1931) - Worked from Awarded Indira
Gandhi National for Integration in 1997; and Padma Bhushan in 1981.
(12) Mrs Pratibha Patil (Dec 19, 1934-- ) - Worked from Jul 25, 2007-Jul 25, 2012.
(13) Pranav Mukerjee - Worked from July 2012 -
[From
http://ssnarendrakumar.blogspot.in/2012/07/our-presidents-so-far.html]
India's Prime Ministers
(1) Jawahar Lal Nehru (1950-1964) -
After Independence, Congress Party, Jawahar Lal Nehru ruled India (1950-1964). He
died in office on May 27, 1964.
(2) Lal Bahadur Shastri - He also died in office
(3) Indira Gandhi (1966-1977) -
Then came his daughter Indira Gandhi, who also died in office.
(4) Morarji Desai - (1977-1979)
(5) Charan Singh - Interim Government
(6) Indira Gandhi (Jan 1980- 31 Oct 1984) - She was assassinated in office in 1984.
(7) Rajiv Gandhi ruled as Prime Ministers from 1984 to 1991 - Assassinated on May 27, 1991.
Died in office.
(8) Followed by VP Singh and Chandra Shekhar
(10) IK Gujral (Inder Kumar Gujral) - Prime Minister from March 1997 to March 1998, died
at the age of 92 (Dec 4, 1919 - Oct 24, 2012)
Devegowda, Manmohan Singh
Which Prime Minister proved What?
Jawaharlal Nehru proved that a rich man can become the country’s Prime Minister;
Lal Bahadur Shastri proved that a poor man can become the Prime Minister;
Indira Gandhi proved that a woman can become the Prime Minister;
Morarji Desai proved that an old man can become the Prime Minister;
Rajiv Gandhi proved that a young man can become the Prime Minister;
IK Gujral proved that a gentleman can become the Prime Minister;
Deve Gowda proved just about anybody can become the Prime Minister;
Manmohan Singh has proved that India does not need a Prime Minister.
Some Death Dates
Jawahar Lal Nehru died on 27 May 1964
Sanjaya Gandhi died in an airplane accident on 23 June 1980
Indiraa Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984
Raajeev Gandhi was assassinated on 21 May 1991
Some Changes in Names of Places
Some names of places were changed to reflect local languages and national sentiments
Kerala's capital Trivendram to Thiruvananth Puram, in 1991
Bombay, Maharashtra State, to Mumbai, in 1995
Tamil Naadu capital Madras to Chennai, in 1996
Calcutta became Kolkata, in 2001
Karnatak capital Bangalore became Bengaluru, in 2006
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